Figure 1. A closed-circuit cooler. Photos courtesy of Evapco. It’s a common question during the early design phase of large mechanical systems: Is open- or closed-loop cooling equipment better suited ...

In feedback systems loop gain, open loop gain, and closed loop gain are all concepts that are important to understand. The transfer function for closed loop gain is: The quantity A is known as the ...

Manufacturers today face many hurdles in their manufacturing applications. Process parameters can range from one application to the next. While some applications require very little precision and ...

Open-loop stepper motors have held a prominent position in automation applications over the years due to their simplicity, excellent positioning, and low cost. However, as manufacturers utilize faster ...

Closed-loop pumped-hydro storage offers more chances to minimize environmental effects on water sources and overcomes the problem of finding suitable sites. According to an Australian research team, ...