Systems theory was not originally a business theory. Indeed, systems theory was proposed in the 1940s by biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, say Francis Heylighen and Cliff Joslyn in their article, ...

A method of describing a complex structure introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1940s that relates the interaction of individual components of the structure to the functioning of the structure ...

Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide an insight into historical processes and the strengths and weaknesses of capitalism. Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide ...