P-type ATPases use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump ions across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient. They form a large family of ubiquitous membrane proteins, and carry out many ...
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a type of phospholipid, a class of molecules that are crucial components of biological membranes. These membranes are found in cells and organelles, and they serve as ...
The cell membrane serves as a barrier that protects the rich, internal cellular environment from external threats such as pathogens and chemicals. Nevertheless, this barrier is not impenetrable.