4 days ago · IZA is a platform committed to advancing high-quality research on the role of labor markets for economic inequality, and the behavioral aspects influencing these areas. Our mission …

Nov 19, 2025 · IZA World of Labor is an online platform that provides policy analysts, journalists, academics and society generally with relevant and concise information on labor market issues.

This Discussion Paper updates and extends the analysis presented in IZA DP 11136.

IZA World of Labor is a comprehensive, reliable, and up-to-date information resource aimed at decision makers, advisors, interested citizens and others who are concerned with issues in labor worldwide.

IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, comprising about 2,000 top-level scholars from all over the globe, whose research provides answers to the global labor market challenges of our time.

The author thanks three anonymous referees and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. The author’s previous work contains a larger number of background …

IZA Network finds new home at Luxembourg’s LISER Transition ensures continuity of cutting-edge research and global reach

Established in 1998 in Bonn, Germany, IZA is an independent, non-profit research institution supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation with a focus on the analysis of global labour markets.

Competing interests The IZA World of Labor project is committed to the IZA Code of Conduct. The author declares to have observed the principles outlined in the code. © Mohsen Javdani

Feb 17, 2025 · The award-winning research “represents the best of modern labor economics,” according to the selection committee consisting of Kristina McElheran (University of Toronto) and Andrew …